Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara rose in south India as a Hindu power holding the line against the Muslim sultanates to the north, and grew into one of the world's largest cities — Portuguese visitors compared it to Rome. It ran on irrigation, a cash economy, and a diamond and horse trade that drew merchants from Persia and Italy. In 1565 a coalition of sultanates destroyed its army, and the city was looted for months and abandoned. Its ruins at Hampi cover sixteen square miles of temples and bazaars in a landscape of granite boulders.
A durable new order — a state, an institution, a system of rule — is deliberately built and consolidated, outlasting the people who founded it.