The Atlantic Slave Trade
Over three and a half centuries, roughly 12.5 million Africans were captured, sold, and shipped across the Atlantic to labor on the sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations of the Americas; nearly two million died on the voyage. It was slavery on an industrial scale, justified by a racial ideology invented largely to excuse it, and it built much of the wealth of the Atlantic economies. The racial ideology that justified it was constructed alongside the trade itself — a belief system built to explain what was already profitable.
Large movements of peoples — pushed or pulled — reshape the societies they leave and the ones they enter.