The Scientific Revolution
When Galileo turned a telescope on the night sky and saw moons circling Jupiter, he found physical proof that not everything revolves around the Earth — and the Church convicted him for saying so. But the deeper revolution was the method: test claims against evidence rather than authority, and let anyone repeat the test. Within a century Newton had written laws that governed both a falling apple and the moon. The method was the discovery: a repeatable way to find things out, which could then be turned on any question at all.
A new way to record or transmit information lowers the cost of copying ideas and reorders who holds knowledge and power.