The Dot-Com Crash
As the internet arrived, investors poured money into any company with '.com' in its name, bidding valuations to dizzying heights untethered from profits — until the bubble burst and trillions in paper wealth evaporated. The technology was real and world-changing; the frenzy around it was the oldest story there is. It was a brand-new invention wrapped in an ancient human pattern: the tulip-and-South-Sea curve, repainted in fiber optic.
A speculative belief detaches asset prices from fundamentals; the belief breaks and prices collapse.