The First Printed Book
The oldest dated printed book is a Buddhist text, the Diamond Sutra, produced in China in 868 — nearly six centuries before Gutenberg — by carving each page into a wooden block and pressing it onto paper. Its colophon says it was made for free universal distribution, which is why it exists: merit came from spreading the text, not selling it. Woodblock printing spread scripture, calendars, and eventually paper money across East Asia. It did not detonate the way movable type later would in Europe, partly because a script of thousands of characters made cutting whole pages more practical than setting individual type.
A new way to record or transmit information lowers the cost of copying ideas and reorders who holds knowledge and power.