Charlemagne Crowned Emperor
On Christmas Day 800, the Pope crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne 'Emperor of the Romans,' reviving in name the western empire that had died three centuries before. Charlemagne united much of western Europe, standardized writing and coinage, and sparked a small revival of learning, binding his throne tightly to the Church. It planted an idea that would shape Europe for a thousand years: that legitimate power flowed from the blessing of the Church — a bargain of crown and altar that popes and kings would fight over endlessly.
A durable new order — a state, an institution, a system of rule — is deliberately built and consolidated, outlasting the people who founded it.