Chandragupta and the Maurya Founding
In the vacuum left when Alexander's armies turned back from India, Chandragupta Maurya seized the throne of Magadha and built the first empire to unite most of the subcontinent, defeating one of Alexander's successors and taking Afghanistan in the deal. His advisor Kautilya wrote the Arthashastra, a manual of statecraft on taxation, spycraft, and war so unsentimental that readers have compared it to Machiavelli — written eighteen centuries earlier. Chandragupta reportedly abdicated, became a Jain monk, and fasted to death.
A durable new order — a state, an institution, a system of rule — is deliberately built and consolidated, outlasting the people who founded it.