The Asian Financial Crisis
The fast-growing economies of Southeast Asia had borrowed heavily in dollars while pegging their currencies to the dollar, which worked until speculators bet the pegs would break. Thailand's did in July 1997, and the panic ran through Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, and beyond within months: currencies halved, dollar debts doubled in local terms, and companies that were solvent on Monday were bankrupt on Friday. IMF rescue terms demanding austerity were widely judged afterward to have deepened the slump. Indonesia's government fell after thirty-one years.
A speculative belief detaches asset prices from fundamentals; the belief breaks and prices collapse.