The Library of Alexandria
Alexander's successors in Egypt built a research institution and tried to collect every book in the world, seizing scrolls from ships in the harbour to copy them. What it produced is startling: Eratosthenes measured the circumference of the earth using shadows and got within a few percent; Euclid systematized geometry; Aristarchus proposed the earth goes round the sun, eighteen centuries before Copernicus. The library declined over centuries through funding cuts, expulsions of scholars, and fire — there was no single dramatic burning, which is somehow worse.
A new way to record or transmit information lowers the cost of copying ideas and reorders who holds knowledge and power.